New York Times Vs. U.S. (1971) Essays - Daniel Ellsberg, Free Essays

New York Times Vs. U.S. (1971) Essays - Daniel Ellsberg, Free Essays New York Times versus U.S. (1971) This case came when America was at agitation. A questionable war had separated the nation. Suppositions and contentions about whether the US association in Vietnam was justified involved the psyches of American residents. The individuals were eager for data with respect to war. The Pentagon Papers, some way or another spilled to the New York Times and Washington Post, satisfied this need of the individuals for data. The administration's presumption of earlier limitation appeared to be a significant hit to free discourse and a sharp expansion to the intensity of the legislature. The redrafting courts' hesitation brought the extreme choice to the Supreme Court. There was a profound division of sentiment even among the Justices, and their choice landmarked what had been beforehand unfamiliar waters. The foundation to this milestone case has at its underlying foundations U.S. approaches in Southeast Asia. These arrangements, which in the long run prompted the Vietnam War, were strongly scrutinized in a study approved by Secretary of State Robert S. McNamara in 1967. This 47-volume study, authoritatively named History of United States Dynamic Process on Viet Nam Policy, have come to be known as the Pentagon Papers. These papers nitty gritty the whole history of our inclusion in Vietnam from World War II to the start of the Paris harmony talks. Daniel Ellsberg, a worker of a California think tank, was offered access to this investigation. This research organization held Defense Division agreements to break down American system in Vietnam. Ellsberg had become persuaded that our association in Vietnam was an error, furthermore, that American powers ought to be pulled back right away. Ellsberg and a man named Anthony Russo then copied the papers in a Los Angeles publicizing office. Accepting that these papers emphatically upheld his sees, Ellsberg conveyed a duplicate of the Pentagon Papers to Senator William Fulbright, director of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Still be that as it may, neither one of the parties made the papers open. Some way or another duplicates of the reports were acquired by the New York Times, and in June 1971 they started distributing a progression of articles dependent on the examination. Almost quickly a wire was given to the Times by the Attorney General John Mitchell requesting that it end distribution. The Times can't, what's more, the legislature brought suit against them. In this manner started a surprisingly quick excursion of equity finishing at the Supreme Court. The principal court choice, gave by NY government area court Judge Gurfein, was in favor of the Times. Be that as it may, the government redrafting court switched this choice and requested the paper to end distribution. In the mean time, the Washington Post had acquired duplicates and had started to print them, and the administration brought suit against them too. The US Court of Claims for the District of Columbia chose not end distribution. The case was gotten by the Supreme Court in late June, only 11 days after the primary suit. This was the principal endeavor by the government government to limit the distribution of a paper, yet in 1931 the state legislature of Minnesota had made such an endeavor. Close to versus Minnesota included an enemy of Semetic paper carrying on a smear battle against nearby authorities. Here the Supreme Court laid the point of reference of earlier limitation. The Court decided that an earlier limitation of distribution would be permitted uniquely in the most excellent cases. That is, one that undermined grave and impending risk to the security of the United States. From the administration's perspective, the Times case was such an uncommon case. The administration's case laid on four contentions. The first was that a large number of the reports were stepped TOP-SECRET. The subsequent contention was the way that the papers were taken, and the papers reserved no option to have them, much less distribute them. Likewise, revelation of the papers' substance, for example, the United States' association in the death of South Vietnam President Diem, would humiliate the country. At long last, arrival of the inside data on the United States' way to deal with harmony talks would frustrate them and draw out the war. The papers contentions were less what's more, shorter, however substantially more impressive in the psyches of Americans and, as it turned out, the Supreme Court. As a matter of first importance was the First Revision's assurance of free press, that is

7-Eleven Inquiry Largest Convenience and Petrol Retailers

Question: Examine about the7-Eleven Inquiry for Largest Convenience and Petrol Retailers. Answer: Presentation 7-Eleven is viewed as the biggest accommodation and petroleum retailers in Australia. Reasonable Work Authorities of Australia was accepting ordinary reports on different errors in the representative wages records and genuine installment since 2008. Various requests occurred and on different focuses 7-Eleven specialists were rebuffed for different representatives and wages related offense. April 2016, a report was submitted to Fair Work specialists who mirrored that again underpayment of wages to representatives and misrepresentation of business records were going on in Australias biggest accommodation retailers (Gollan, 2009). The request unveiled that 7-Eleven is intentionally controlling the records to cover the underpayment of wages and at a concerning level defying the standards of the Fair Work Act 2009 and Fair Work Regulations 2009. The report additionally looks at the explanation behind such conduct and resistance of the franchisee of 7-Eleven model with Fair Work Act 2009. Not many suggestions were made by the report to improve the working of the 7-Eleven with respect to giving advantages and rights to the representatives which they all were at risk of (Bussell Farrow, 2011). Reasonable Work Act has called the administration of the monster comfort store 7-Eleven to present the plan of action that the organization is following that helps in empowering wage extortion and illicit work conditions in the establishment arrange over the world. According to the report, FWO states that 7-Eleven has purposefully blended the issue of compensation misrepresentation in its establishment arrange by bombing in utilizing the frameworks and techniques to discover the conscious laborer abuse occurring over the establishment organize. After the report had got distributed, FWO finished up and requested that 7-Eleven go into an acquiescence or consistence understanding. According to the report of FWO, it is being recognized that laborers have acknowledged the come up short on culture of the organization and along these lines they work for lower compensation and unlawful work conditions (James, 2016). FWO arranged and found a way to stop this hypothesis of tolerating the thing s as they may be. In any case, this end up being a difficult circumstance for FWO. The vast majority of the franchisers of 7-Eleven were either new or ongoing vagrants, and they didn't know about the modern laws should be trailed by them in Australia. This made a great deal of fake works on with respect to compensation and stirred long stretches of representatives to equip. It was normal from 7-Eleven that appropriate direction would be given to the franchisees by the business arrangement of Australia, yet nothing of that looked for occurred. FWO couldn't make any stride against the franchisee and the organization on the grounds that the franchisee doesn't go under the ward of FWO; it goes under the diversifying set of principles that is a piece of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. In any case, FWO was chipping away at the representative privileges of 7-Eleven (Colvin, 2014). Over the most recent eight years FWO has directed various attacks and reviews that have demonstrated genuine pay cheats and consistence issues. The report plainly expresses that many establishment stores of 7-Eleven has purposefully connected with themselves in paying their representatives less wages and making them work for longer hours. They have not kept up appropriate records of the representatives and their working hours and the installment made to them for their work. 7-Eleven for the most part employ visa-holder understudies who need cash yet are not allowed to work all day. They prepare to work for only 10-12 $ every hour, though, Australia business framework has obviously expressed the base hour wages to be paid to representatives. FWO has clear evidences with respect to the issues of pay cheats occurring, however genuine advances were not taken by FWO to control these issues. FWO has recently sent a few notification to the organization and furthermore offered proposals to i t, however severe activities were not a piece of it. FWO doesnt have the position to rebuff the franchisee stores those were discovered utilizing false practices (Massey, 2015). Every one of these years 7-Eleven has a sensible premise to ask about the cheats that were brought into light by the reviews and strikes of FWO. All things considered, FWO has not found a way to tackle these issues. 7-Eleven consistently said that they need to go into the consistence with FWO, yet every opportunity they think of various focuses that they need to haggle with the FWO. In this manner, they never really followed the proposals and suggestions made by the FWO. At whatever point FWO asked about the advancement made by the 7-Eleven they were constantly informed that the administration of 7-Eleven would ensure that all the workers get their wages they are qualified for. FWO has additionally expressed that however 7-Eleven invited the adjustments in the plan of action and finance framework yet these p rogressions could have been brought before by the organization. FWO has been sending the request reports to the administration of 7-Eleven, however they have demonstrated an absence of pledge to present any large changes in its compensation framework or during the time spent inspecting the stores and its working. These request reports remembered the subtleties for the deceitful works on occurring in the establishment stores over the system. FWO has inspected around 55 stores out of which in excess of 30% of stores were following deceitful practices in their compensation framework and records of workers. FWO started a program for the franchisors and franchisees to help them in consistence issues in their business, which was declined by 7-Eleven (Cox, 2016). The administration of the 7-Eleven is being said that they have gotten an exceptional examination group that screens the issues identified with wages and records of representatives, and furthermore the biometric framework will be presented in the stores from mid 2016 as proposed by the FWO. This shows 7-Eleven has acknowledged the way that there are a great deal of issues with the plan of action it is following. It acknowledges the obligation of disposing of the exploitative practices from its business (Perez, 2015). In spite of the fact that 7-Eleven says that it can't drop the franchisee for wage extortion because of the establishment contract which FWO repudiate, as indicated by them 7-Eleven has full option to drop the agreement of false franchiser however it isn't finding a way to do that. FWOs report indicates the feeble situation of FWO in examination with other managing laws and approaches created and controlling in Australia (Nadasen, 2012). FWO doesnt have enough force that it can constrain the businesses and observers to be available in a meeting that is should have been taken to get an away from of the request directed on the issue. This report likewise pressurizes the legislature of Australia to consider the present laws and arrangement of mechanical connection and check whether the punishments for the false practices are sufficiently able to rebuff the guilty parties. In the event that these punishments were sufficient, at that point in excess of 30% of 7-Eleven franchisers would not have been reveled into deceitful acts of pay misrepresentation and control of representatives work records (Weiping Chen, 2011). There are numerous holes in the arrangement of mechanical relations because of which 7-Eleven extortion occurred. For the most part FWO doesnt have enough capacity to manage the individuals who were conflicting with the mechanical law and not giving the necessary advantages to its representatives that they were at risk to. Absence of dynamic force is additionally an explanation that allowed 7-Eleven to rehearse the fakes for so long. Much after the request, reviews and assaults Fair Work Act couldn't choose the activity that should be taken against the unlawful practices rehearsed by the 7-Eleven (Nunweek, 2015). It was the administration offices botch that offered capacity to such organizations to abuse their capacity and endeavor the workers and their privileges. Suggestions were given to 7-Eleven by the FWO like setting up of a save support that certifications to reimburse laborers if on the off chance that the franchisee neglects to fathom the pay irregularity, running a completely fledged CCTV framework in all the 7-Eleven establishments over the system, utilizing biometric time recording framework to record representatives passage and exit, and incorporation of workers photographic ID. These proposals were made by FWO to get maintainability the way of life of consistence in the establishment organize and to ensur e that all the records are kept appropriately. All the proposals made by FWO that ensures the evacuation of deceitful practices in the meeting (Creighton, 2011). FWO has prescribed hardly any answers for 7-Eleven that will assist the representatives with getting their privileges and advantages in future. FWO has recommended 7-Eleven to set up an ensured subsidize that will assist with reimbursing the workers on the off chance that the franchisee neglects to way its representatives the arranged wages. Along these lines none of the representatives will be misused and will be paid for the work they accomplished for the organization. Furthermore, FWO recommends that 7-Eleven franchisees ought to go into a consistence association with Fair Work Act, which would help the organization in understanding a superior method to manage their representatives and furthermore data about the rights and advantages that a worker should provide for his workers (ONeill, 2015). A biometric framework should be introduced in all the franchisees to keep the information of the working hours of the representatives. A biometric framework is a dependable strategy that wil l assist the organization with protecting the representatives information to get controlled by the franchisers. 7-Eleven do reviews of their franchisee which was not suggested by evaluating the present circumstances of the franchisee organize. FWO suggested drawing in outside inspecting party that may direct the yearly reviews of all the franchisees to get the right image of the genuine records of each franchisee (el-Ojeili, 2009). This fake practice taken up by the franchisers has left an extremely negative effect on the picture of 7-Eleven. In this way, FWO recommended to freely tolerating the duties

MIT

MIT Alright so my laptop is alive again! :P Sorry for the lateness! Here are the Valentines Day pictures that I got! The first entry comes from Jess W., from frigid North Dakota! (wow ND look at all that snow in the back!) The second entry is from Emily C., from San Jose! (where its probably sunny now? and yes, gummy chocos are pretty awesome, and your isef shirt is too :P) Whats better, a Gummy Choco tube or a MIT tube? (The choice is obvious) And we have Lindsay S., from Scottsdale, AZ. Have you run out of frames to frame your MIT certificates yet? ;) Then we have a Californian trio of Esmeralda R., Michelle C., and Helen W., representing San Diego, San Diego, and Goleta, CA. Michelle and Helen, are you guys holding beaver plushies? :P Thank you all! :D Welcome to MIT and see you all at CPW! ^_____^V (where are all the 2014 guys? :p) Want to be famous? Want to be famous like Shannon was before she even became a blogger? SEND ME your name, location, along with your best pose with the tube, the early admit card, the early admit poster, your brita water pitcher, your neighbors catWHATEVER YOU WANT WITH THE MIT STUFF and Ill post them on the blogs! :) My emails up on the banner :D For inspirational examples, see: the 2013 kids! and the class of 2012! You have till 23:59:59, Valentines Day, Samoa Time Zone. GO! Non Sequitur, November 3, 2009

The Great Depression Of The 1930s - 2131 Words

The Great Depression of the 1930s undoubtedly marked a period of massive change and devastation throughout the entire nation. People of all backgrounds were plagued by destitution and insufferable living conditions, while unemployment rates had soared beginning with Black Tuesday, to the point where the public had begun to lose hope for the future. In enduring all of the instances of negative change, the people, whether of white or black heritage, whether rich or poor, had all shared one set of characteristics in common: the foundation of human nature. In the set of circumstances which had unfolded before the weakened citizens of the United States, unity had become less of a stretch, even necessary to maintain the nation’s former glory and prosperity, and the promise of liberty had become increasingly essential to sustain the drive of the people to pursue their passions uninterrupted by the economic depression. As is natural of such a turbulent time period, various works have been composed relating to the Great Depression, several of which invoke the components of human nature. Indeed, human nature had upheld the nation throughout the 1930s; without the consistency of humanity in times of desperation, there would be all but no support for the faltering economy and lifestyle. However, given the Great Depression’s sheer influence upon human nature, in times of change, whether beneficial or deleterious, society bends in the direction of prosperity. At the forefront, the GreatShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of The 1930s999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s is notably one of the greatest crises of American history. During this time frame the American economy collapsed in great part because of factors such as the existence of massive wealth inequality, the dust bowl that started in the Great Plains, and the rampant business speculation of the 1920’s. These factors helped turn an awful economic depression into what would be called an all-out social crisis. Bread lines and soup kitchens became a common occurrence in AmericanRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Crisis of 2008 in Comparison to the Great Depression of the 1930s Introduction The economic crisis’ of the 1930s and 2000s greatly impacted the United Sates (U.S) and the world. The Great Depression and Global Crisis were both major economic crisis’s the originated in the United States and spread to foreign markets around the world. The Great Depression is regarded as the biggest economic downturn, due to many factors like the stock market crash. The Global Crisis on the other hand, was aRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s885 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the Great Depression of the 1930s? Give examples of the differences between the relief policies of F.D.R. and Hoover. Describe the opponents of F.D.R.’s relief policies, and how he did more to expand executive power than any other President in American history. Also take the time to explain other significant events and issues that took place in the U.S. during this time which made the depression seem even bleaker. GREAT DEPRESSION Some factors that brought about the Great Depression of the 1930sRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s925 Words   |  4 PagesThe assigned readings offered an interesting and complex view of some of the diverse groups of people who were marginalized in California during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The primary sources shared detailed information on how Mexicans, Filipinos, and White Americas experienced hostility and inequality in California. In Resistance, Radicalism, and Repression on the Oxnard Plain, Frank Barajas discusses how beet sugar growers on the Oxnard Plain cut the wages of Mexican laborers working inRead MoreThe Great Depression Of 19301805 Words   |  8 PagesDepression of 1930 The Great Depression of 1930 molded the American culture and the political life of our nation. Due to its pivotal role in the formation of our economic system. Today I will provide an inside depth of the Causes and Effects of the Great Depression and will focus on the results and outcomes that resulted in this event that would change the lives of many in this time period of despair and of devastation. To begin in the 1920s it was a time of prosperity in lives of many as the economyRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s1844 Words   |  8 PagesIt is common knowledge that the 1930s was the time of the worst economic downturn the world has ever seen. The Great Depression, which lasted for ten years, facilitated discontent among various ethnic groups, genders and occupations. Perhaps the most significant fallout from the Wall Street Crash in 1929 was the economic migration of itinerant workers to California – the state of the Steinbeck’s birth – as a result of harsh geographical conditions in the region of the United States known as the ‘DustRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930 S1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe great depression of the 1930’s and the great recession in the United State of America. First, I’ll make a general overview of each of these two different periods and then focus on certain specific aspects during these different times. This will include the causes to the economic recessions witnessed, impacts of the economic recessions and the solutions that were introduced. When talking about any topic regarding American history, it would be hard not to mention the 1930’s great depression. AuthorsRead MoreCauses Of Great Depression Of The 1930s1173 Words   |  5 Pages Causes of the Great Depression Khalid Mohamed 500710091 DR. M. Jolly ECN 220: Evolution Of Global Economy â€Å"Analyze the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Do you feel that this was caused primarily by weaknesses in the economy of the United States or by structural weaknesses in the international economy?† The Great Depression The Great Depression, was a phenomenal incident that was caused by multiple factors, it is considered one of the most tragic downfalls inRead More The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada The Great Depression of the 1930s is a benchmark for all depressions and recessions in the past and in the future. In the booklet The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada , Michiel Horn gives an intellectual dissection of the events that occurred during the Great Depression. Michiel Horns approach leaves the reader with a foul taste for the Dirty Thirties. This essay will summarize Michiel Horns key points as well as discuss the ability ofRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930 S Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Maynard Keynes was the most influential economist of the 1900’s and many of his ideas were adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression of the 1930’s. With the passing of the economic crisis in 2008, countless articles have been published supporting Keynes and his economic thought. He investigated the origins of the Great Depression and remodeled the field of economics with a basic conclusion: economies recover from downturns by sp ending money. Keynes theorized that during

Blonde Ambition How The Similar Careers Of Madonna And...

Alejandro Rodriguez Riley English Comp I – 1301- 052 October 23, 2017 Blonde Ambition: How the Similar Careers of Madonna and Britney Spears Created Two Different Pop Icons At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, pop icon Madonna joined two of the biggest pop stars at the time, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, on stage and would share a buzzworthy performance that kept the world talking and cemented the performers as some of the greatest MTV has ever seen. At the time, Spears was about to release a new album. She was still in the only years of her career, but with this performance, where the three female pop stars exchanged open mouth kisses on national television, critics began to wonder- could Britney Spears be the new Madonna of the†¦show more content†¦While both performers are singers by trade, both have been ridiculed for their vocal abilities in comparison to their contemporaries. Madonna and Spears both receive constant criticism for using a backing vocal track, a widely used tool in the music industry for performers where she sings live over a pre-recorded track, during most live performances with heavy choreography. While Madonna was being compared to Janet Jackson and Whitney Houston, Spears was competing with her contemporaries like Christina Aguilera or even Jennifer Lopez. However, in 1987 Madonna’s Who’s That Girl tour earned her $25 Million in US ticket sales in comparison to Houston’s $20.1 Million earned for her Moment of Truth tour that same year. (Thakur 168) Madonna has also sold over 300 Million records worldwide and is has generated over $1.2 Billion in sales during the first half of her career. (Kramarae Spender 459) Spears also came out on top throughout her early career as becoming the biggest female artist of the decade of the 21st century with over 150 million albums sold worldwide- heavily outselling Aguilera, Lopez, and other contemporaries. (Billboard) In fact, Guinness World Records has Spears’ debut album as the best-selling album by a teenager selling 25 Million records In 2001, Spears hadShow MoreRelatedTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 PagesContents Introduction 3 1 Madonna 21 2 Laura Ashley Holdings plc: The Battle for Survival 26 3 The US Airline Industry in 2002 33 4 DaimlerChrysler and the World Automobile Industry 41 5 Wal-Mart Stores Inc., May 2002 49 6 Eastman Kodak: Meeting the Digital Challenge 62 7 Organizational Restructuring within the Royal Dutch/Shell Group 70 8 Harley-Davidson, Inc., January 2001 77 9 Online Broking Strategies: Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and E*Trade 83 10 11 12 Emi and the CT Scanner

Finding Identity in the Pathway from Slavery to Literacy...

You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man.† -Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life (1845) The most shameful practices of American history is the act of slavery from the whites to the African Americans. Many African Americans were born into slavery and forced to feel inferior towards their white masters. Actual human beings were treated like animals. The inhumane condition of slavery challenged African Americans to discover their individual true identity. The whites defined the slaves’ identity as nothing but servants to them. To the slaves, a symbol of hope was the chance to become literate —learning how to read and write. Frederick Douglass, an African American slave, believed that literacy was†¦show more content†¦In the last two lines â€Å"Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, / May be refined, and join the angelic train (lines 7-8).† Wheatley feels that the Africans will be â€Å"refined† and changed because of the introduction of Christianity. Wheatley believes that taken away from her homeland was a good thing for her ide ntity to evolve. She feels that the person she is, is not the person she was born as. Despite of her African American race and woman gender, Wheatley succeeded in gaining recognition of her intelligence and literacy in her time. Because of her background, her writing seem too good to be true. The quality of her work was astounding to many of her readers. She had clearly discovered her identity as a respected female African American writer. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818 at Maryland and was of mixed race, his mother an African American and father a white man (920). Douglass was first thought how to read by his slave master Sophia. Later, her teachings were discontinued by her husband who believe that teaching a slave how to read or write will only do harm (945). After this event Douglas was persistent to learn how to become literate. He learned how to read and write by giving food to the boys in the neighborhood inShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An A merican Slave1170 Words   |  5 Pagesis no struggle, there is no progress.† This famous quote is from a speech given by one of America’s most influential abolitionist speakers, Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, this great American leader led a life many of us would find impossible to bear. After gaining his freedom from slavery, Douglass shared his stories through impressive speeches and vivid autobiographies, which helped America move forward as a country liberated from racial inequality. Although Narrative of the Life of FrederickRead MoreDouglass s Narrative Of Slavery Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesto give. We realize numerous things from Frederick Douglass`s Narrative. We discover that at one point some slave proprietors which for his case Mrs. Auld, wanted to treat slaves like normal people with the gift of education and kindness but, we additionally discover that their drive to learn things change in the weeks of being beaten and tormented so much that a ll they genuinely need is Freedom. Douglass in his Narrative needed to simply escape and rest from his torment. He was severely beaten andRead More Social and Legal Definitions of Slavery Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave3974 Words   |  16 PagesMr. Covey seemed now to think he had me, and could do what he pleased; but at this moment -- from whence came the spirit I dont know -- I resolved to fight; and, suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat; and as I did so, I rose. (Douglass 112, chapt. 10) In Chapter 10 of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of... an American Slave, Douglass describes an important incident in which he forces backward the standard master-slave hierarchy of beating privilegesRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesOhio Wesleyan Writing Center Founded University Promoting1955 as a hallmark of liberal arts education writing Writing Guidelines Statements of Purpose From the OWU Writing Center in the Sagan Academic Resource Center The OWU Writing Center Corns 316 ââ€" ª (740-368-3925) ââ€" ª http://writing.owu.edu ââ€" ª open Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Writing Guidelines for Statements of Purpose Contents Writing Your Statement of Purpose ..........

Relationship In Between Personality and Job Performance

Question: Describe about the Relationship In Between Personality and Job Performance. Answer: In the recent time, personality has gained more importance in an organization. It is only due to the individual job performance that the organization achieves its goals. Personality and job performance is an integrated model depicted well in five-factor model. I t showcases how job performance relates to personality traits. It tells about how individual differences affect the job performance of the organization (Matthews Deary, and Whiteman, 2009). It is very much important for an organization to employee high performing employees to increase overall productivity. One of the biggest questions is how to separate nonperforming employees from the other employees. The answer to this question relates to the individual personality. They both are an age old concept. The individual personality is one factor which has contributed for specialized in the personality trait. The necessity of personality test is questioned ever since it is included in the recruitment process (Burch and Anderson, 2 008).The major objective is to investigate the potential relationship in five-factor model and overall job performance. The researchers are trying to find the accurate relationship in between personality traits and their direct impact on performance. Researchers believe that personality traits are important for every kind of task (Murray, Poole and Jones, 2006). It is very much difficult to find out the central characteristic of job performance. It is due to researchers belief in different theory. There are multiple factors aligned which affect the job performance. It defines how an individual performs at a different situation and manages to conquer the difficulty. An important justification for studying personality in the workplace is that it contributes highly to the job performance and satisfaction. Job performance creates circumstances that help in facilitating personal and organizational victory (DuBrin, 2013). However, it is also generally accepted that the different concepts of performance are appropriate when conducting a job research, for decision making in the organization. Some researchers believe that the results are affected due to various external forces. It shows how carefully an individual takes actions and contributes to behaviors that are the objective of an organization. Job performance evaluates how supervisory rating aff ects the overall job performance. Is it the individual personality traits which affect the overall working in the organization? Over the last decade, researchers have reviewed the importance of personality traits as primary factors in discussing the job motivation and then performance. In a study of the different aspect of motivation, it is very much important to strive for conscientiousness. It will lead to overall improvement in the work performance. Personality traits are those variables which are essential for the improvement in an organization (Fumham, 2012). An individual who possesses the combination of the five factors model causes success at work which mainly due to how and importance to achieve goals. A person who scores high on extraversion is motivated to achieve goals .secondly personality, do affect the overall performance of an organization. Thirdly an individual, interpersonal relationship with others makes it an important reason behind success (Bailey, 2014).Job performance can be affected by the various phases which are necessary to be focused. The traditional industry has helped in understanding the role of five force model which is essential to focus while deciding the factors which are affecting the overall status of the organization regarding job performance. High neuroticism score shows high risk due to problems in psychology. A high level of neuroticism does indicate that a person may put illogical idea and is highly coping with stress. Neuroticism is a score of emotional stability. Some state that neuroticism is invers ely proportional to job performance (Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003). Extraversion includes the behavior reflecting social communication. They are vigorous and cheerful. Extraversion depicts positive feeling and experience. It is a valid forecaster of performance which involves more social interactions. A high score shows the positive relationship in between extraversion and job performance (Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003). Openness to experience includes active imagination, visual sensitivity, and attentiveness to the internal feeling, those who score very low openness which tends to show a positive image in the reserve outlook. They are willing to question the authority and are much more logical in their approach. Research has shown that openness in consulting causes long term success. Agreeableness is one who is fundamentally selfless, sensitive to others and is willing to help them, and in return expects the related kind of contribution. Agreeably is related to achieving success in occu pations where team work and customer service plays a key role (Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003). The accommodating nature of agreeable individuals may lead to achievement in employment; conscientiousness refers to self-control and a process of planning, organizing, and coordination. The conscientious person is determined, strong willed and indomitable in nature. Conscientiousness manifests in achievement direction, fidelity, and orderliness. On negative side, high conscientiousness can lead to annoying care, compulsive neatness or workaholic behavior. They both attribute a conceptual relationship. Autonomy affects the relationship in between conscientiousness and goal setting. Generally, these factors play an important role in an organization (Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003). There are five traits which are held responsible to establish the relationship in between job performance and personality. Different kind of job affects the overall job performance. Every job category has a different kind of personality traits in general. Every individual reveal different personality trait in different category of job. The best performance in future is based on the concept of extraversion. These are the factors which affect the job performance. (Hurtz and Donovan, 2000). In case of customer service conscientiousness, is the best analyst. When looking for call center employees conscientiousness emotional constancy and agreeableness are most important factors. Hence those jobs which require complicated demanding interpersonal interactions depicts complex pattern. In case of skilled and semi-skilled employees conscientiousness is the strongest predictor. (Ones et. al., 2007). In a case of professional services conscientiousness play the significant role while predicting work performance. Conscientiousness and Extraversion are associated with the leadership skills. In other words, traits help you in getting noticed. A leader play complex and perspective role. He has to play many roles to get work done. Sometimes the organization sees only one side of the coin while deciding various traits. The individual personal traits help in the overall job performances which are only due to the experience which is involved while practicing in daily routines. (Judge, et.al, 2007). The factors responsible are the job experience, mental ability and competency to achieve better result in competitive environment. (Dalal et. al, 2012). Todays workplaces are more composite and complicated. They require sophisticated leadership due to excessive global exposures. The leader has to face the volatile challenge, which requires a different level of leadership skill to achieve an effective managerial environment, it is necessary to seek better productivity. There are other factors in an organization which affects the quality of the work performed. Task performance is related to individual ability to work. Contextual performance refers to behavior such as helping the co-workers, performing activities which will improve the overall output in an organization (Davies, et al.2013).Herzberg theory provides with a model to achieve the job satisfaction. Work environment is responsible to retrieve best results. They are given an equal opportunity in decision making and policies of the organization. (Slate, Wells, and Johnson, 2003), the adoption of a good leadership style will influence the overall working of an organization. It he lps in increasing the overall productivity. It further depicts that high level of interaction in between leaders and subordinates lead to high level of organizational commitment (Babalola, .2016). A leader whose behavior is ethical in context with the present scenario shows credibility and he does have the meaningful influence upon those who are following him.(Brown et. al.2005) Ethical leadership has a positive effect on the job performance, Given by the definition leaders demonstrates work ethics and desirable behavior and are a source of inspiration. Thus his followers follow the normatively appropriate attitude, values, and ethical behavior. As such all those followers who learn from their leaders practice things in good faith. Previous studies have shown that ethical leadership increases organizational commitment (Ahn, Lee and Yun, 2016). To have a truly effective performance, leaders need to involve employees in the managerial decision making process. An organization which has involved senior managers, executives will give a high rate of participation and a better quality performance management. So it is very much necessary to communicate to everyone about their responsibility as a part of the new management process. One needs to break the role of each member of the organization which is executives, leaders, managers, employees, and HR. A leader needs to be a passionate person and needs to be supportive to his subordinate. He should communicate the value of the organization and must involve every individual in it. As a leader, he has a responsibility to recognize and emphasize strong performance in the organization. He needs to identify and encourage improvement where needed. Performance management is a two-way process .Where it is necessary for the manager to discuss the views of his subordinate. A leader needs to u se a performance management process as a tool for supporting employees morale. If the employee lacks any interest, it is the responsibility of the leader to persuade and take ownership in the performance in the organization. A leader needs to prepare a rule book to look after the interest of the employees. He should conduct short meetings and discuss and record milestones accomplishments, successes and challenges as they occur in the organization. This allows the leader to monitor progress on goals and provide them with required instructions if needed. Leadership is a lot like parenting. As parents, love their child and want to give them everything they want. The same logic goes with managing a team. Just as parenting leadership requires more. A leader cant help people without pushing them. He has to put a burden of his expectations logically upon his subordinates. He has to push people out of their comfort zone and hold people accountable. Leadership is an act of helping people to bring out best in them. Leadership is all about stepping up and work hard no matter how difficult it seems. (Myers, 2016)A leader has to play multiple roles in an organization. He has to look forward to the interest of the subordinates. He needs to make sure that the employees feel valued and respected; he must listen to his subordinates. People might show high emotions when discussing performance; he should involve everyone in decision making process as this will improve their commitment towards work. It will create a sense of responsibility in the mind of employees (Byham and Wellins, 2015). Motivational speaker Jack Welch in his interaction with the audience has given multiple examples about the performance. He asks leaders to involve manager in decision making. It will help in overall job satisfaction and improving the overall employees yield (Byham and Wellins, 2015). Proactive personality correlates positively with subjective measures of performance on evaluating it with the leader. David Chan investigated the relationship in between proactive personality and job performance. It was measured on a proactive scale. The leader of 139 employees in rehabilitation agency rated that participating subordinates will increase the overall performance. The finding was that the people with high proactively have a good judgment (DuBrin, 2013). A positive perspective on the contribution of proactively to performance is that a top leader frequently creates situations that facilitate personal and organizational success. Effective organization is rooted from the hard work of the business leaders. The idea of effective leadership is adopted in the world of technology. The employees have believed that there is a need of leadership in the organization to set an effective example. Even employees want effective leaders in order to work towards better job performance. To be a great engager and have the capacity to deliver through all four lenses (I, You, Us, All). A manager must master five fundamental roles and able to recognize when what is needed. The manager needs to move in on the daily basis to achieve the maximum performance from the employees. Howad Schultz, Starbuck was born to a family in the Bronx. He is a live example of courage, dedication, perseverance. Even in between his success he never forgets to take forward the interest of the others (Sparrow, 2012). Personality and job performance are an age old concept which moves hand in hand. There is a positive relation in between personality and job performance. Personality traits are responsible to access maximum result in the long run. It is the duty of the leader to recognize the need for recognition in an organization which helps in overall development. It is very much necessary for a leader to have good personality traits to derive positive results. Leaders are held responsible for the overall growth of the organization. A good leader plays multiple roles and strives for a maximum result with his team support. Personality and job performance are the necessity in an organization while defining various jobs. The Leader plays a role of a parent where he has to look after the need of the subordinates. Subordinates can only work well if they work under better guidelines. Job performance helps in accurate work performance. In an era of continuous global competition, leaders play a role while achieving the goals. The leader has to play multiple roles while guiding the organization. In a long run, it is very much important for a leader to look after the organization. Leaders are the future of the country. They are responsible for the well-being of the organization. The job performance is well depicted by the five forces model. Every organization follows different behavior in general. These traits help in deciding the working model in an organization .The five forces model are based on Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, assertiveness and Conscientiousness. They define that every organization has a different set of techniques, and they show different traits in a long. It is the responsibility of the leader should persuade them to take ownership in the performance of the organization. A leader needs to prepare a rule book to look after the interest of the employees. He should conduct short meetings and discuss and record milestones accomplishments, successes, and challeng es as they occur in the organization. The leadership is multi dimensional in nature, and it plays multiple functions in an organization. Hence it is true that the job performance and personality are necessary for an organization. References Ahn, aj. Lee, s. and Yen, s. 2016.Leaders Core Self-evaluation, Ethical Leadership, and Employees Job Performance: The Moderating Role of Employees Exchange Ideology. The journal of ethics. Babalola, S.2016. The Effect of Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction and Employee-Supervisor Relationship on Job Performance and Organizational Commitment. The journal of applied business research-may/June 2016, volume 32. Bailey, S.2014.Can Personality Predict Performance (Online). Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastianbailey/2014/07/08/can-personality-predict-performance/#7318574d1fa0 (Accessed on 10 September 2016) Brown, m.e. and Trevino, l.k. (2006). Ethical leadership: a review and future directions. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. Burch, G.and Anderson, N.2008.International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2008, Volume 23, pp.261 305. US: John Wiley Sons Byham, T.and Wellins, R.2015. Your First Leadership Job: How Catalyst Leaders bring Out the Best in Others .US: John Wiley Sons Dalal, R., Baysinger, M., Brummel, B., LeBreton, J. (2012). The relative importance of employee engagement, other job attitudes, and trait affect as predictors of job performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 295-325. Davies, et al.2013. Human Performance: Cognition, Stress and Individual Differences. Psychology Press DuBrin, A. 2013. Proactive Personality and Behavior for Individual and Organizational Productivity New horizons in management. Edward Elgar Publishing Furnham, A.2012. The Psychology of Behavior at Work: The Individual in the Organization. Psychology Press Hurtz, G. M., Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-879. Judge, T. A., Jackson, C. L., Shaw, J. C., Scott, B., Rich, B. L. (2007). Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: The Integral Role of Individual Differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, (92), 107-127. Matthews, G., Deary, I and Whiteman, M. 2009. Personality Traits. UK:Cambridge University Press Murray, P., Poole, D and Jones, G.2006. Contemporary Issues in Management and Organizational Behavior. Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Myers, C.2016.How I Learned That Employees Need A Leader, Not A Friend. (Online). Available at : https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrismyers/2016/09/08/how-i-learned-that-employees-need-a-leader-not-a-friend/#22fa94fe69b6 (Accessed on: 10 September 2016) Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., Judge, T. A. (2007). In support of personality assessment in organizational settings. Personnel Psychology, 60, 995-1027. Rothmann, S. and Coetzer, E. 2003. The Big Five Personality Dimensions And Job Performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 2003, 29 (1), 68-74. Slate, R.N., Wells, T.L., and Johnson, W.W. (2003). Opening the managers door : state probation officer stress and perceptions of participation in workplace decision making . Crime and deliuency, 49(4), 519-541 Sparrow, J.2012. The Culture Builders: Leadership Strategies for Employee Performance. Gower Publishing, Ltd

Women in the Ibo Society Essay Example For Students

Women in the Ibo Society Essay In Things Fall Apart, the Ibo women were perceived as being weak. They received little or no respect in the Ibo society and were harshly abused. Perhaps, tradition and religion established their role in this type of society. In the story, Okonkwo had three wives. He mandated them around as though they were animals. They never questioned what they were told and were required to be loyal. The reader sees this at the beginning of the story, when Okonkwo brings the young man into his home. Okonkwo tells his first wife that Ikemefuna belongs to the family and she is presumed to look after him like a son. We will write a custom essay on Women in the Ibo Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ekwefi questioned her husband about Ikemefuna’s stay. Okonkwo went into a rage and then questions her. â€Å"Do what you are told woman. When did you become one of the ndichie of Umuofia (Achebe 14)? † This example illustrates that the Ibo women did not receive respect. One more way to look at the respect towards woman was the comparison to that of weak man. Okonkwo hated anything feeble or fragile. His classification of his clan and the members of his family show that in this type of society anything strong was linked to man and anything weak to woman. His motivation towards success was his father’s eaknesses. He could never be a loafer and be so woman-like. Because Nwoye reminds Okonkwo of his father, he feels that Nwoye is womanly, especially after his conversion to Christianity. Okonkwo thought about, he was a flaming fire. How then could he have begotten a son like Nwoye, degenerate and effeminate? (Achebe 153). Rodriguez 2 Another aspect of Ibo women was the treatment they received. They were very familiar with the harsh treatment that were enforced by their husbands. Okonkwo beat his youngest wife one day because she was not in time to fix his dinner. Despite that his other two wives try to reason with him, Okonkwo kept going until he was pleased. The only sanction that he was charged with was not the beating of his wife but beating someone during the Week of Peace. Another example of a beating took place when Okonkwo’s second wife killed the banana tree. Viewing the Ibo society, one can see that women were not respected and allowed wife beating. Despite the lack of respect and so on, women had significant roles in the Ibo society. The women painted the houses for those that were disguised spirits. They taught nd read to the children, expanding their education. Possibly, the first wife received some kind of respect because certain ceremonies can not go on unless she is present. The most important role of an Ibo woman is that of a mother. She is occupied with the maintenance of the home, nurturing her children, being a teacher, and has many other tasks. In my opinion, the treatment of the Ibo woman can be that of an Arab or Muslim woman. They both are in a polygamy relationship and are oppressed in their society. In Things Fall Apart, the reader clearly sees that women receive no respect. They are terribly mistreated, and viewed as weak or feeble. One important event was the exile of Okonkwo to his motherland. His uncle explained the significance of Okonkwo’s exile to Mbanta. A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland (Achebe 134). A man has both happiness and grief in his life and when he is in remorse his mother is there to protect and comfort him. In my opinion, these women were nurturers above all and they were anything but weak.

Shouldice Hospital Limited Essay Example

Shouldice Hospital Limited Essay Example Shouldice Hospital Limited Essay Shouldice Hospital Limited Essay Shouldice is a private hospital founded by Dr. Earle Shouldice in Toronto in July 1945. The hospital started out as a six-room nursing home in downtown Toronto. As demand increased for hernia operations, he expanded the facilities to a capacity of 36-beds, which turned into a 89-bed facility after adding a large wing. Dr. Shouldice devised a method called the Shouldice method to increase the efficiency and the overall experience of the surgery and the post surgery recovery period. The hospital specializes on external hernia cases and will not treat internal hernia patients. The method proved to be a big success. In this case, we will analyze the process flow of the hospital, determine the bottlenecks and finally offer recommendations. Background: Dr. Earle Shouldice is a famous operator for his private method of hernia surgery. Unlike normal methods, his way allowed the patient to walk around right after the end of surgery, and move freely at the end of the day. When the number of patients he had increased, he decided to exploit this by founding his own hospital. He died in 1965, but his hospital continued to grow, and at the end of 1982, his hospital had 6850 operations per year. Analysis: Initially, the hospital sends out a medical questionnaire to figure out whether the patient has hernia. If the patient requires the operation, they were sent a confirmation card for the surgery. However, after initial examination at the hospital, some of the patients were found healthy, so they were also sent back. After the examination, an administrative personnel checks the insurance of the patient. Then, a nurse takes blood and urine samples from the patient, and sends the patient to his room. All this is done by 5PM, after which there is an information session regarding the operation. The patients are sent to bed at 9:30PM, and waken up at 5:30AM. The operation takes 1 hour (although the recurring ones take up to 90 minutes, but theyre rare so are not included). The patient then stays in the hospital for 3 more days, but since the resource (nurse, doctor etc) requirements would be low (and are not stated in the case). Shouldice was successful because of the following strategies: 1) Unique and well defined surgical procedure (cannot be varied), 2) Operation and recovery time lower than industry average, 3) Educated, experienced, and efficient surgeons (600 surgeries per year as opposed to 25-50), 4) Lower nurse to patient ratio (reduces costs), 5) Efficient, good quality, and uniform service (dependable), 6) High demand from reputation, 7) Higher pay than union standard for employees, 8) Being selective with patients ensures speed and better outcomes The bottleneck of pre-operation is Insurance check, as shown in Exhibit 2. The second bottleneck is the number of surgeons available to perform surgery and keep patients flowing through the system. Once people have a place in the system, the next wait is for a surgeon to become available. Bottlenecks are both a burden and a blessing in this scenario. We build up a queue because people want the service but we are forced to find a way to alleviate the pressure on the bottlenecks. Recommendations: Simply adding capacity may upset the current balance that exists and lower the quality of the process. If the company would simply expand to add beds or create more hospitals, quality would eventually be lowered because you would be hiring doctors you would have eliminated for the first hospital. One possible improvement to the process would be to minimize idle time of surgeons spend doing anything other than surgeries. Since they are a bottleneck, Shouldice should make surgeons not waste time doing a job that a nurse or someone with a less important role can do. This way throughput rate is lowered because surgeons can get more operations done at the end of the day without affecting the systems balance. Another solution to improve throughput without physically expanding would be to include working on Saturday and Sunday. Shouldice can rearrange its resources to keep the hospital running weeklong. This would alleviate the burden on the bottleneck so that buildup is minimized and more patients are put through the process. One of the major limits to expansion is the number of beds available for patients. Therefore, a possible area of capacity expansion is creating an additional facility where more beds can be put for patients. But  to accommodate the increased amount of demand a bigger kitchen and a dining room would be necessary. Moreover, an additional staff should be hired as long as the amount does not exceed the current staff per patient ratio in order to keep the operational costs from increasing too much. Another limiting factor is the number of doctors. Thus, the more doctors there are, the more patient acceptance will be. However there would be a limit on the amount of additional surgeons hired since each surgeon should at least perform three surgeries a day. Additionally, having a new facility outside of Canada dealing on a different specialty is a good option for capacity in which case a careful analysis should be done to make sure that the successfulness of the additional facility is not lower then the original one. Exhibit 1: The process flow chart is attached. Exhibit 2: Examination ? 17. 5 minutes per patient X 6 ? 20. 57 Patients per Hour Insurance ? 10 minutes per patient X 2 ? 12 Patients per Hour Blood/Urine ? 7. 5 minutes per patient X 2 ? 16 Patients per Hour.

Research Paper on Qatar Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Qatar - Research Paper Example English speakers tend to include the â€Å"t† in the second syllable of the name, which is a tension of sort that mirrors the complication political tension between the native Arabs and the foreign Western powers such as the British Empire. Today, Qatar is a relatively well-developed, progressive-looking Arab state that has much in common with the West, but still retains many of the traditions and ethnic identities that define it as an Islamic monarchy. Each of the distinct aspects of Qatar, including its geography and political structure, are deserving of a closer look for anyone trying to understand the country better. In terms of the country’s location, Qatar is a small state that shares its own border with Saudi Arabia. The country sits on the northeastern corner of its much larger neighbor on a peninsula that juts out into the Persian Gulf. Across the Persian Gulf from Qatar lies Iran, and across a narrow strait in the Gulf lies the island nation of Bahrain. Relatively close to Qatar and its neighbor Saudi Arabia is the United Arab Emirates. This location as a peninsula proximate to Saudi Arabia does not pose a political threat to the tiny nation of Qatar, but instead has proven to be an advantage for Qatar’s growth. For instance, during the Persian Gulf War, Qatar military forces joined the coalition against Iraq in stabilizing the Middle East. Within its space, Qatar has excelled and has built favorable relations with its neighbors. Geographically, Qatar is not only small but also flat. As was mentioned previously, Qatar is a small nation based on a peninsula jutting out from neighboring Saudi Arabia. The peninsula is just about 100 miles (or 160 km) in length, which is roughly the same length as Delaware. Much of that length consists of barren plain covered with sand, without much in terms of high fixtures or rock faces. One interesting feature of Qatar

Design of an Enterprise Level Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Design of an Enterprise Level Business - Essay Example An Enterprise's need for tighter financial controls1, more consistent data2, support for streamlined sourcing and procurement processes3, a single data source for product or services data4, support for closed-loop sales and operations planning processes5, portfolio approach6 collectively points to the requirement of a software system named Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It's a comprehensive system capable of breaking down barriers between departments within an enterprise and brings together various pockets such as sales, production, finance, human resources, purchasing and shipping - to unify access to the up-to-date information to produce a consistent, single version of the truth on Talking simply about organisation and its processes isn't understanding them. To get a deeper understanding of the processes, one needs the right information for capturing process detail. It's in the heads of the people who, day in and out, are living the process (Ben B Graham, 2004). This is where Ben Graham process mapping methods steals the picture. The symbols used call attention to value-added work, non-value-added work, work inspections (controls), movement of work from one location to another and delays (when nothing is happening). No other mapping technique provides such a transparency, decision making support and support for analysis that is provided by Ben Graham Process Map. Another such is the 'IDEF' methodology (Integrated DEFinition language). It frees the process from arguing about process modelling taxonomies. IDEF suite provides functional, information, data, process, object oriented and ontology modelling to map business processes. The 'BPMN' (Business Process Mode lling Notation) provides a set of graphical elements, Swimlanes is most popular among them, which facilitates the developers in implementing the technology that will perform those processes. For a close comparison, Graham stands taller than the rest (See figure 1). Documenting the design requires a right tool. It should provide clarity without being overly simplistic and provide detail without clutter. There are a lot of flowcharting tools which provide symbol sets but unless it's wrapped in a methodology, it's of no use. The 'Process Developer Enterprise Edition' is a mapping tool for internal activity, flowchart mapping and document control. It helps an organization to meet ISO 9000:2000 standards. Another very useful tool is the 'FlowBreeze Flowchart Software'. It is 100% MS Office integrated tool for making flow charts faster and easier. It lets you just type the text and converts it into flowchart shapes, adds flow lines, and formats the drawing. It is in accordance with Sarbanes Oxley. The 'Stylus Studio XML' Enterprise Edition is another mapping tool with IDE features, XML Editing, Debugging, Testing, Graham vs IDEF vs BPMN Features G I B Displays All the Items that are involved in the process / detailed Shows step by step processing at the task level- the work people do Shows processing at a function level Shows relationships between items Shows multiple related flows Displays single-line flow Identifies WHO

Analysing Different Teaching Syllabus

Analysing Different Teaching Syllabus In the domain of language teaching, many teaching syllabuses have emerged which can be classified according to their goals. Examples are the grammatical or structural syllabus which focuses on teaching grammar; the lexical syllabus of which the goal is to teach students lexis and the orthography of the target language; the situational syllabus which is concerned with teaching language related to certain situations; the topic-based syllabus, which has as its goal the teaching of specific topics, for example, geographical topics such as global warming. There is also the skills-based syllabus which takes into account the four skills of language learning, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing; the task-based syllabus, in which the task is the key to acquiring language and the integrated syllabus, which attempts to integrate all types of syllabus into one syllabus. This kind of syllabus is central to the Headway series of books. The focus of the teaching syllabuses in schools and colleges used to be on the grammar of the target language. Priority was given to structural categories, such as word class, and to mastering these categories. It was noted, however, that learners using the structural syllabus lacked the ability to communicate fluently in the target language, because they had little practice in expressing themselves communicatively, even though they had mastered the grammar. They were able only to memorise the structural categories and never engaged in communicating with others. This problem, therefore, could be solved only by producing a new syllabus which could meet learners needs and improve their communicative ability. As a result, a notional-functional syllabus emerged, with new goals and procedures. This paper examines the notional- functional syllabus. In the first part, a brief section seeks to define the word syllabus, followed by a section about the general meaning of a notional-functional syllabus. The second part considers the approach taken in this kind of syllabus and discusses it. The third part focuses on an important aspect in the notional-functional syllabus, namely, needs analysis. The fourth part highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this syllabus. The fifth part shows how the notional-functional syllabus has been influenced by theories of language and learning. The final part, attempts to describe the teaching situation best suited to this type of syllabus and some of its most important aspects. The Notional- functional syllabus: Before we embark on describing and discussing the notional-functional syllabus, we should provide a definition for the word syllabus. What is a syllabus? It is noteworthy that many writers such as, (Brumfit: 1984; Nunan: 1988; Richards: 2001) have sought to define this word. For example, a syllabus is defined as: a specification of the content of a course of instruction which lists what will be taught and tested (Richards: 2001:2). It is defined also by Nunan (1988:159) as: a specification of what is to be taught in language and the order in which it is to be taught. Furthermore, it can merely lay down what is to be taught, or attempt the harder task of organizing what is to be learnt (Brumfit: 1984). Accordingly, it is noted that they agree that a syllabus should be a specified by a plan which leads teaching aims. White (1988) agrees with Nunan (1988), in addition, that a syllabus may include such aspects as, structure, functions, topics, skills and situations. The choice of priority among these aspects will specify the type of syllabus. 1.2. What is a notional-functional syllabus? The first appearance of this type of syllabus was in the 1970s, when sociolinguists and language philosophers first tried to reflect the functional aspects of language in the teaching syllabuses (Nunan: 1988). It is worthy mentioning the the notional- functional syllabus is based on two important aspects, namely, a conceptual or notional aspect and a functional aspect. The first, takes into consideration concepts such as, cause and effect, time, movement and space. The second describes and classifies the intentions behind language use. In fact, neither of these aspects was new for language teaching. They always been of much concern in the language teaching field, yet what was new was the adoption of notional-functional categories as principles in syllabus organisation. As a result, the great stress on grammatical considerations was relaxed, because the communicative categories were taken into account (White, 1988). It is, however, worth mentioning that the Threshold syllabus (Van Ek: 1975) and the Waystage syllabus (Van Ek and Alexander: 1977) are prototypes of notional-functional syllabuses prepared by the Council of Europe. The content of these syllabuses includes notions such as those mentioned above and functions such as are found at the Threshold level ( Ek and Trim: 1990), ( see, Appendix:1). D.A.Wilkins (1976) was the keenest advocate of the notional- functional syllabus. He notes that this type of syllabus should encompass three categories of meaning: first, semantico- grammatical meaning , in which grammatical form is taught by semantics, such as, time, which consists of point of time, duration and relations; second, modal meaning, in which there is a concern with the nature of the speakers attitudes, such as, the scale of certainty, including: conjecture, doubt, conviction and disbelief; and third, the communicative function, in which speakers are expected to provide communicate infor mation, such as, requests and complaints (Wilkins: 1976). The approach applied in the Notional- functional syllabus: It is important to note that there is a contention among such writers in the language teaching domain as, (Wilkins: 1976; Nunan: 1988; Richards: 2001). This contention is about whether the approach taken in a notional- functional syllabus is analytic or synthetic. In fact, Wilkins (1976) is the first writer who has paid attention to the difference between synthetic and analytic approaches in teaching syllabuses (Nunan: 1988). The distinction lies in the fact that the strategy of language teaching in a synthetic approach relies on the process of acquiring language through a gradual accumulation of language parts. These different parts are taught separately until the complete linguistic structure is built up. In contrast, with the analytic approach linguistic control of the learning environment is not important, because language components are not viewed as building blocks. In other words, they are not gradually accumulated. Furthermore, the important forms of language are isolated fro m the contrasting context in which they probably occur. Therefore, the focus of learning is significant aspects of the language structure (Wilkins: 1976). Wilkins goes on to propose that a notional-functional syllabus maybe considered an example of the analytic approach to language teaching. This is because it entails no compulsory exposure to grammar, although we will probably be able to separate particular forms from their language environment in order to learn the grammatical system adequately (ibid, p 19). It emerges that (Nunan: 1988; Richards: 2001) disagree with Wilkinss view that the approach of a notional- functional syllabus is analytic; they consider it synthetic. The reason is that the functional-notional syllabus was an attempt to replace the structural syllabus, yet ultimately, it remained similar to the latter, because, the type of exercise and the content which learners need to master is altogether similar to those of the structural syllabus ,although, the units in the notional-functional syllabus have functional labels(Nunan: 1988). Moreover, it is noted that the notional -functional syllabuses continued to be the same as the structural syllabuses, because they failed to get rid of the need for linguistic control and gradually forms accumulated (Richards: 2001). It is, therefore, agreed with the views of Nunan and Richards, because functional-notional syllabuses are not different enough from structural syllabuses. For example, in structural syllabuses learners have to lear n the different verb tenses gradually. In notional- functional syllabuses, they have to create sentences according to the type of function in a sequence way. Hence, the approach tends to be synthetic rather than analytic. Needs analysis: This term refers to a set of procedures used to collect information about learners and their communications tasks which might help in syllabus design. The question why learners need to learn the target language is not solely the concern of needs analysis. Syllabus planners, however, will need information about such aspect as, the social expectations placed on learners and the possibility of resources to help implement the syllabus. Syllabus designers, therefore, use two different types of needs analysis. The first is learner analysis and the second, task analysis. Learner analysis is concerned with the learners purpose in learning the language and with many other questions through which a great deal of information can be amassed through, for example, data collection forms (Nunan,1988). In needs analysis a syllabus plan is derived from the specifications which syllabus planners or teachers derive from determining the sort of language required. This specifies the ends which the learner s desire (White: 1988). White seems to have considered a needs analysis similar to a blue print for a house build since, in order to drew up plan, an architect needs to look at another house to collect information about the design. The architect, therefore, is similar to a syllabus planner or teacher (ibid, p83). Wilkins, on the other hand, drew attention in notional-functional syllabuses to the learners needs. He proposed that the categories to apply in syllabus should be relevant to the particular population of learners (Wilkins: 1981:84). Consequently, notional-functional syllabuses are based on the learners needs, which are known through needs analysis, for example, from interviews asking learners what they require to learn (see, Appendix: 2). Strengths and weaknesses of the notional-functional syllabus: One of the positive aspects which characterises the notional-functional syllabus is the focus on communicative factors as a starting point in a syllabus plan. For example, in this syllabus, there is a concern for the linguistic elements which learners need in order to communicate. Furthermore, the grammatical and situational factors, on the one hand, are not neglected in this syllabus, because communicative competence will be produced and learners will be motivated by the use of language. On the other hand, all types of language functions could be covered in functional notional syllabuses not solely the typical language functions that might emerge in certain situations (Wilkins, 1976). It is worth clarifying the difference here between grammatical competence and communicative competence. According to Richards (2006), grammatical competence involves a concentration on the sentence as a unit of analysis and the ability of language learners to analyse the form of the sentence in order to create their own sentences in the target language. Communicative competence, however, means a state in which learners can use the language in meaningful communication. Another positive aspect of a notional-functional syllabus according to Widdowson, is the improvement which it represented over grammatical syllabuses, because this syllabus allows an authentic and communicative use of language in the context in which the forms are presented (Widdowson: 1978). However, Finocchiaro and Brumfit (1983) praise the syllabus for giving the communicative purposes of students highest priority. Moreover, adopting a functional-notional syllabus in the language teaching domain provides distinct benefits: First, no compulsory exposure to language grammar; second, the provision of concrete learning tasks; third, the chance for teachers to be guided by some principles of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and educational theory; fourth, the insistence on the need for language learners to have a real purpose in speaking. Fifth, the widespread progress of target language courses is provided by this kind of syllabus. Sixth, modular and flexible courses could be improved by this syllabus. Moreover, listening and reading activities which are also called receptive activities are provided in this. Furthermore, the communicative abilities of learners will be motivating due to the basic communicative functions which existing in this syllabus (ibid, p36). Hence, we could see that notional-functional syllabus takes into account the importance of communicative activities in language teaching. As Littlewood (1981) indicates, the purposes of communicative activities are, first, to give whole-task practice, whereby students in the target language classroom get practice in completing a whole task with its varied communicative activities. Second, they improve motivation, in that the important target for is to communicate with others; consequently if they recognise that their classroom can serve this target their motivation to learn seems to give them close attention. Moreover, they can create a context which supports learning, because communicative activities encourage positive relationships between learners and their teacher. As a result, these relationships contribute to a propitious learning environment. But, despite its positive aspects, this type of syllabus still has some limitations. One of these limitations is the difficulties which syllabus designers have with respect to grading and selection, because a notional-functional syllabus has much concern for communicative factors. To illustrate, grading is the process of arranging the content of a syllabus from easy to difficult (Nunan, 1988). The items, which should be included in this syllabus, are not chosen on linguistic basis only, but also on the communicative purposes with which learners embark on a course (ibid, p37). Furthermore, because in a functional framework syllabus planners have no empirical evidence to build their selection of exponents and structures, it is thought that their selection is based merely on intuition (White, 1988). In an attempt, however, to solve the problem of grading and selection in the notional-functional syllabus, hybrid syllabuses emerged. These syllabuses combine the structural and notional cat egories in one syllabus, yet even these models of syllabuses have proved problematic, because, as White indicates, there have not been enough evaluate them (ibid, p82). Another shortcoming, with this type of syllabus is that there is no compatibility between function and form, because, in order to decide which function is being explained, we need to know about the context. For instance, in the following sentences: We are thinking of going to see the new Woody Allan film tonight. How about going to see the new Woody Allan film tonight. (White, 1988:76). In these examples, there is confusion whether they should be seen as forms of invitation or function ways of making a suggestion (ibid, 77). Moreover, Widdowson in his critique the notional-functional syllabus notes that the methodology of dress rehearsal results in the activities which aim to produce authentic communication in the classroom. This methodology may enable learners only to convey the items learned in the situations which they can rehearse, but not in new situations (Widdowson: 1987). The notional-functional syllabus also lacks a rigorous use of needs analysis. According to Richards (2001), the term needs is not identified clearly because needs may identified on the basis of intuition and the interests of the syllabus planners. Therefore, the criteria for this term in the syllabus are not clear-cut. Hence, from the limitations of notional-functional syllabus discussed above, it could be seen, that such a syllabus tends to be product- based syllabus, which focusing on what language is learnt rather than process-based syllabus which focuses on how language is learnt. The consequence is that the list of items which a notional-functional syllabus offers is presented to be learnt, yet how they will be learnt is not specified. The influence of language theories and learning on the notional-functional syllabus: Theoretical views of language teaching varied in their ideas. Fore example, there is the structural view in which language is considered a structural system connected with elements for the coding of meaning. This view is considered traditional in language teaching. The functional view, therefore, came as a reaction to it, on the one hand, and an attempt to improve it, on the other hand. Language in the functional view is considered a means of conveying functional meaning (Richards and Rodgers: 1986). Nunan (1988), however, draws attention to the way in which the communicative view was integrated by syllabus designers in the 1970s and at that time attracted a great deal of concern. This view, which is allied to the functional view, asserts that the communicative and semantic dimensions of language are as important as the grammatical characteristics of language. Thus, the content of language teaching is specified and organized by its communicative and semantic dimensions through meanin g and function categories instead of, structure and grammar elements (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). As a result, the notional syllabuses adopted by Wilkins in 1976 came as an attempt to apply this view of language in teaching syllabuses. Hence, the notional syllabuses comprised not solely grammar elements and lexis, yet also specification of the notions, topic and concepts which learners require in communication (ibid, p17). It is noted, moreover, that the functional view tends to be with views such as Hallidays view (1970) which believes that: linguistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is concerned with the description of speech acts or texts, since only through the study of language in use are all the functions of language and therefore, all components of meaning, brought into focus ( Halliday:1970:145). Hence, it seems clear that the notional-functional syllabus is heavily influenced by functional and communicative views of language. It is important to note, however, that the notional-functional syllabuses are influenced not only by theories of language, yet also theories of learning. Because, as Richards and Rodgers (1986) observe, the models of structural, functional and interactional approaches in language teaching are considered incomplete in themselves, because they provide only theoretical frameworks for teaching language. Thus, they need educational theories of language learning in order to be complete. According to Richards and Rodgers, there are two types of learning theories, namely, process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories. The first, is built on the processes of learning namely, habit formation, induction, inferencing, hypothesis testing and generalization (ibid, p18). The second concentrates on language learning from the perspective of human nature and the physical context. Therefore, it is should be noted that communicative meaning comes under the umbrella of condition-oriented theo ries, because, learners need to learn how they can transfer their communicative meaning through language. They could do it through a notional approach to language teaching, because the basis of this approach comes from the belief that what learners need in the domain of language is significantly more important than language mastery as unapplied system (Wilkins, 1976). As a result, it could be seen that a notional-functional syllabus relies heavily on the functional view of language and condition-oriented theories of learning. As Wilkins (1981) emphasizes, what links the notional approach with the communicative language teaching movement is the knowledge of language learning in which the communicative purposes have a great deal of concern. The teaching situation best suited to the notional-functional syllabus: Since, the focus of a notional-functional syllabus is on the development of communicative competence such as language learners need for communication in the target language, Furthermore, this kind of syllabus provides for the teaching of every day language in the world beyond the classroom. It could, therefore, be argued that the notional-functional syllabus is suitable for English for Specific Purpose (ESP) or short English courses. Such as, courses in Business English taught in an oil company. Courses of this kind would be suitable for those who want to visit an English speaking country for a business trip or holiday, where they will need to interact in different situations. This syllabus benefits those who want basic communicative functions, for instance, greeting, asking for directions, or expressing feelings. As Wilkins (1976:71) indicates, actual language courses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ regarded by some learners as complete in themselves but by others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a basis for further learning. I would argue that a notional syllabus is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can meet defined communication needs while at the same time it is constructing a more widely based linguistic competence. It is, however, important to note that there are some aspects which should be taken into account in the teaching situation suited to the notional-functional syllabus, including the following: 6.1. Language level: Linguistic proficiency among language learners is classified into levels, such as, beginner, elementary, pre intermediate, intermediate, upper intermediate and advanced. It could be, therefore, argued that notional-functional syllabus seems to be suitable for intermediate or advanced learners rather than beginners. The reason is that learners in the early stages attempt to concentrate on vocabulary learning before learning how to express themselves communicatively through functional meanings. Accordingly, it is thought that this syllabus seems to be un suitable for beginners, because intermediate or advanced learners already possess the core vocabulary, however, their focus will be on producing sentences communicatively. Thus, it seems more appropriate for them. 6.2. Class size: It could be argued that since a functional-notional syllabus focuses on learners needs, as Wilkins(1976) indicates, in his notional syllabuses that the categories which need to be applied in this kind of syllabus should be individual to a particular group of learners. It is thought, therefore, that large classes which are composed of dissimilar learners are not suitable for the functional-notional syllabus. This type of syllabus needs a specific group of learners, for instance, when it comes to English for Specific Purpose (ESP) courses. In them are particular groups, such as, Business English learners, engineering English learners or medical English learners. These groups of learners will be suitable for this kind of syllabus. 6.3. Assessment: Since, the goal of a notional-functional syllabus is to improve the communicative language ability of learners, in other words, their ability to use language in their communications. There seems, therefore, to be no need for formal assessment. The reason is that the assessment will focus on the way in which learners can achieve this ability through expressing concepts such as, possibility or affirmation. For instance, in the case of business English courses, the assessment is based on the learners performance in communicative language with customers; that is, how well they can communicate with their customers for instance, in making requests or offering business. Conclusion: Syllabuses in the language teaching domain have varied in their goals and procedures. The traditional ones are structural or grammatical, with a focus on finding ways of learning the grammar of the target language. But this syllabus neglects ways of acquiring competence in communicative language. Hence, as can be seen in the above, the notional-functional syllabus emerged as a way for learners to improve their communicative abilities which would be motivated through its basic communicative functions. It all depends on what we use language to do. Furthermore, we can conclude that the notional-functional syllabus is based on the learners needs, which are discovered through a needs analysis strategy. This syllabus has two main aspects: functions which deal with such the communicative abilities as, requesting, grading, arguing and expressing feelings and notions related, for example, to space, location, time and quantity. It is noted, however, that the main in designing this kind of syll abus comprise: first, the situations in which learners will use the target language, broken down into the place, the time and people who engaged in these situations; second, the topics which are found in every day communication, such as, asking for directions, offering help or shopping. Admittedly, the notional-functional syllabus possesses negative as well as positive aspects. Some of the positive aspects are its focus on communicative factors as a starting point and in its high motivating power, because it enables learners to express their ideas and feelings more easily. Moreover, all types of function could be covered in functional- notional syllabuses, not solely the typical language functions which might emerge in certain situations. It is noted, however, that some of the negative aspects which are highlighted in the present paper are the difficulties in selecting and grading, the functions and forms and there lack of compatibility between function and form, because, in order t o decide which function is being explained, we need to know about the context. Furthermore, needs analysis strategy is not identified clearly, because the identification of learns needs only on the basis of intuition on the part of syllabus planners. We could see, however, that the notional-functional syllabus has been influenced heavily by functional and communicative views of language and condition-oriented theories of learning. Finally, we can conclude that, although this kind of syllabus has some limitations, it is widely used in many countries, because it is effective for learners with special purposes, such as, learners of ESP ( English for specific purposes).

Capital Punishment And Christianity :: essays research papers

Capital punishment has been stated as ‘murder in its worst form’ barbaric, disgusting, unusual and completely unnecessary. Should Christians really support the death penalty? Many Christians believe that the Bible has spoken to the issue, but others believe that the New Testament ethic of love replaces the Old Testament law. Some early Christian writers who discussed capital punishment were absolutely opposed to it. Christians were instructed to not execute a criminal, to not attend public executions and even to not lay a charge against a person if it might eventually result in their execution. One example is Lactantius (260 to 330 AD) who is primarily known for his books, ‘Introduction to true Religion’ and ‘The Divine Institutes’. He wrote in The Divine Institutes, Book 6, Chapter 20: â€Å"When God forbids us to kill, he not only prohibits the violence that is condemned by public laws, but he also forbids the violence that is deemed lawful by men. Thus it is not lawful for a just man to engage in warfare, since his warfare is justice itself. Nor is it [lawful] to accuse anyone of a capital offence. It makes no difference whether you put a man to death by word, or by the sword. It is the act of putting to death itself which is prohibited. Therefore, regarding this precept of God there should be no exception at all. Rather it is always unlawful to put to death a man, whom God willed to be a sacred creature.† Abolitionists believe that the offender should be required to compensate the victim’s family with the offender’s income from employment or community service. Their thinking is that someone can do more alive than dead. By working, the criminal inadvertently ‘pays back’ society and also the victim and/or the victim’s family. There is no reason for the criminal to receive any compensation for his work. Money is of no value in jail. One of the most well known examples of the criminal contributing to the betterment of society is the case of Leopold and Loeb. Leopold and Loeb were nineteen years old when they committed ‘The Crime of the Century’. In 1924 they kidnapped and murdered a fourteen year old boy just to see what it was like. They were both spared the death penalty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Together, their accomplishments include working at hospitals, teaching ill-iterates to read, creating a correspondence school, making si gnificant developments in the World War II Malaria Project and writing a grammar book.

Operation Design And Operational Essay

2b. Please see my Allied COG-CV analysis, which specifies the critical factors for the Allied forces for Operation Torch (i.e., at the operational level). 2c. Please see my Axis COG-CV analysis, which specifies the critical factors for the Axis forces during Operation Torch (i.e., at the operational level). 3. The Allied forces indirectly attack the enemy’s theater COG (i.e., the Panzer Armee N. Africa) by–at the operational-level of war—by specifying operational-level objectives that attack the operational-level COG’s critical vulnerabilities and –ultimately—contribute to the defeat of the strategic-level COG. Please see my operational-level objectives for the Allied forces. 3a. 3b. Please see my Allied COG-CV analysis for Operational Torch. It specifies the Allied, operational-level COG as _________________. Please see my Allied operational approach for Operation Torch, which specifies objectives that include the protection of the forces’ critical vulnerabilities. 4. 4a. Please see my operational approach for the Allied Forces’ Operation Torch, which specifies both the Allied main effort and decisive point(s). I specified the following decisive point(s):_______________. By prioritizing my objectives and considering them in light of the Allied Forces main effort and most important lines of operation/lines of effort, I’ve selected the most important objective(s) as my decisive point(s). 5. 5a. If the Axis forces achieve a sufficient number of its objectives (which attack the Allied critical vulnerabilities at the operational level) such that the Allied forces must change their form of maneuver (e.g., the Allied  forces can not longer continue the attack), the Allied forces will have culminated. 5b. If the Allied forces achieve a sufficient number of its objectives (which attack the Axis critical vulnerabilities at the operational level) such that the Axis forces must change their form maneuver (e.g., the Allied forces con no longer continue the attack), the Axis forces will have culminated. Reasons for Initiating Operation Torch – – The Allies planned to occupy Vichy France to prevent the land from being occupied by Axis; the invasion would eventually force Axis powers to fight a two-front war; also helped to diminish transportation of supplies to Axis forces; Key Personalities (Involvements) – – General Dwight D. Eisenhower – – Jean Francois Darlan – – Andrew Cunningham – Objective(s) of Operation Torch – – Allies planned to team up with Vichy France in North Africa in order to take Tunisia before Germans could occupy it from nearby Sicily. After invading North Africa and convincing the French to join the Allies, American and British forces planned to head directly to Sicily, invade, and move up to the core of Europe. Victory here would also allow the Allies to clear up the Mediterranean of Axis forces for their own personal use. Important Readings – from Earl Rice’s â€Å"Strategic Battles in Europe† . . . – page 24: The Americans joined their British allies. Roosevelt’s military advisers wanted to build up immediately for an invasion of the European mainland later in the year or early in 1943. Churchill and his counselors declared that an invasion of the continent so soon would be next to impossible because of insufficient time to assemble the necessary forces and  too few available landing craft in which to haul them across the English Channel. Churchill and his advisors did not want to risk a failed invasion. – page 25: Churchill instead favored extending operations in North Africa, where British forces were already fighting. he argued that seizing North Africa and beyond would introduce American troops to the action, boost American morale and appease Stalin’s demands for a second front. But Roosevelt’s advisors were unreceptive to Churchill’s plan and suggested redirecting U.S efforts to the Pacific Theater. In June 1942, Churchill told Roosevelt that Britain was both unable and unwilling to†¦

Online Communities - 2033 Words

Online Communities Ken Griffey Jr. is a well-known name in the world of Major League Baseball. Before the Seattle Mariners traded Griffey Jr. to the Cincinnati Reds, he was an absolute phenomenal baseball player. Since being traded, he has been nothing but disappointment to the Reds organization. The following is a dialogue between the two members in an online community at ESPN.com. crc29: â€Å"Asked if hes happy that hes still with Cincinnati, Griffey said, What does it matter? This game is not about being happy. Its about wins and losses.â€Å" ...and this is the same guy who once said when he was shopping the market that the important thing do is go somewhere where hell be happy? And he wonders why people always think†¦show more content†¦The four categories were MLB baseball directory, main MLB board, minor league baseball, and fantasy baseball. At first, I went to the main MLB board to look at the overall appeal of the community. There were several different subjects, all of which were specific questions and topics. â€Å"Veteran’s Committee Trivia,† â€Å"DISGUSTING YANKEE FANS,† â€Å"Fantasy baseball HELP!† â€Å"Championship Run,† â€Å"Breakout Bat† are among the post that stood out. I learned that there are three main types of posts involved in typical sports forums: informative, analytical, and investigative. The three posts, â€Å"Fantasy baseball HELP!† â€Å"Championship Run† â€Å"Breakout Bat† all began the thread with questions and are great examples of investigative posts. The first messages presented were often questions. â€Å"Will the Yanks bring the trophy home this year?† (Championship Run, 2/25) â€Å"Which player(s) are expected to have a breakout season with the bat? Also how strong of a year is expected out of Mark Prior?† (Breakout Bats, 2/24) â€Å"I think I pulled one over on this guy. 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